Konga, Kennedy Kamuren creator text Meru Meru University of Science and Technology 2025 monographic eng

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x 125p. The advent of modern satellite technology has transformed observational astronomy and astrophysics, offering unprecedented insights into the large-scale behavior of gravitation and challenging established cosmological models. This technological progress has reinvigorated the study of relativistic cosmology, leading to a critical reassessment of foundational assumptions, particularly the cosmological principle, which posits that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on large scales. While this principle underpins the Standard Cosmological Model (SCM) and the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric, emerging data has increasingly been challenging its validity. Central to this investigation are the redshift-distance and light intensity-distance relations, essential for testing cosmological models. The integration of both parametric and nonparametric redshift models provides a more comprehensive analysis, addressing discrepancies in our understanding of the universe's structure and evolution. However, unresolved mysteries, particularly concerning dark matter and dark energy, complicate these models. This research critically examines the cosmological principle using the latest observational data and scrutinizes the Friedmann model's assumptions. The study reveals that galaxy formation occurred most rapidly in the early universe, particularly within the redshift range of 0 < 𝑧 < 0.4, peaking around 𝑧 ≈ 0.8. It also highlights that dark matter plays a significantly more critical role than dark energy in this process. While dark energy primarily affects the large-scale expansion of the universe, dark matter seems to dominate local galaxy formation and the evolution of cosmic structures. These findings underscore the limitations of current models and contribute to the ongoing refinement of cosmological theories, offering a clearer understanding of the universe’s evolution. Kennedy Kamuren Konga Includes Reference QC807.5.K6 2025 https://repository.must.ac.ke/handle/123456789/1593 https://repository.must.ac.ke/handle/123456789/1593 260608 20260608152501.0