Evaluation of Physicochemical, Antibacterial, Sensory Properties and Shelf Life of A Bath Soap Containing Camel Milk Cream/ (Record no. 93773)

MARC details
000 -LEADER
fixed length control field 03981nam a22002177a 4500
003 - CONTROL NUMBER IDENTIFIER
control field KE-MeUCS
005 - DATE AND TIME OF LATEST TRANSACTION
control field 20260608163505.0
008 - FIXED-LENGTH DATA ELEMENTS--GENERAL INFORMATION
fixed length control field 260608b |||||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
020 ## - INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER
International Standard Book Number
022 ## - INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER
Source
040 ## - CATALOGING SOURCE
Transcribing agency KE-MeUCS
Modifying agency KE-MeUCS
050 ## - LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CALL NUMBER
Classification number TP991.O3 2025
100 ## - MAIN ENTRY--PERSONAL NAME
Personal name Oginga, Elly
245 ## - TITLE STATEMENT
Title Evaluation of Physicochemical, Antibacterial, Sensory Properties and Shelf Life of A Bath Soap Containing Camel Milk Cream/
Statement of responsibility, etc Elly Oginga
260 ## - PUBLICATION, DISTRIBUTION, ETC. (IMPRINT)
Place of publication, distribution, etc Meru:
Name of publisher, distributor, etc Meru University of Science and Technology,
Date of publication, distribution, etc 2025.
300 ## - PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
Extent xi, 125p.
500 ## - GENERAL NOTE
General note Includes Reference
520 ## - SUMMARY, ETC.
Summary, etc The growing interest in therapeutic and natural personal care products has fuelled the<br/>study for alternative to synthetic ingredients. Camel milk being rich in proteins, vitamins,<br/>and antimicrobial properties, is a promising active ingredient for skin care formulations.<br/>This study, therefore, explored the possibility of using camel milk cream in bath soap<br/>formulation and analysed its physicochemical properties, antibacterial activity and<br/>sensory acceptability. Bath soaps were produced using the cold saponification process<br/>using camel milk cream, palm oil, and coconut oil as primary ingredients. Fresh camel<br/>milk and cream were subjected to compositional and quality analyses, including density<br/>(Lactometer), fat content (Gerber method), and protein content (Kjeldahl method). The<br/>saponification reaction and resultant soap formulations were further analysed using<br/>Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to monitor functional group changes<br/>and confirm reaction completion. The formulated soaps were characterized for<br/>physicochemical properties such as pH (multiparameter pH meter), total fatty matter<br/>(gravimetric method), moisture content (oven-drying at 110 °C), foam stability (cylinder<br/>shake test), hardness (cone penetrometer) and alkali content (acid–base titration). Shelf<br/>life was evaluated over 8 weeks by monitoring pH, alkali content, and total fatty matter.<br/>Antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli was determined using the agar well<br/>diffusion method, with inhibition zones analysed by Duncan’s multiple range Test (p <<br/>0.05). Sensory evaluation was performed with 20 untrained panellists aged 18– 37 years<br/>under controlled conditions to assess formability, skin feel, moisturizing, odour, texture,<br/>hardness and overall acceptability. The results were as follows; density of 1.031 g/cm³,<br/>fat content of 43.33 ± 0.58%, and protein content of 1.94 ± 0.07%, respectively. FTIR<br/>confirmed complete saponification by the loss of ester carbonyl (C=O) at 1742 cm⁻¹ and<br/>appearance of carboxylate (COO⁻) at 1554 and 1408 cm⁻¹, while amide bands at 1649<br/>and 1465 cm⁻¹ indicated the presence of proteins from camel milk cream. The formulated<br/>soaps were subjected to determination of some important physicochemical parameters<br/>such as pH (10.17- 11.51), total fatty matter (45.19- 66.43%), moisture content (21.06<br/>33.40%), foam stability (0.33- 1.37 cm), hardness (0.281- 0.639 kPa), alkali content.<br/>Over 8 weeks, the soaps maintained acceptable quality, with moisture decreasing slightly.<br/>Soap samples containing comparatively more concentrations of camel milk cream were<br/>found to have a significantly higher (p < 0.05) antibacterial activity. The sensory<br/>evaluation indicated high consumer acceptability, with positive feedback on the soap's<br/>skin-smoothing and moisturizing effects. All the parameters analysed were compared<br/>with commercial soaps such as Imperial leather. Remarkably, the soap formulated with<br/>20% coconut oil and 20% camel milk cream showed a balanced physicochemical<br/>properties and antibacterial activities comparable to that of Dettol. These findings<br/>suggest that camel milk cream can serve as an effective natural alternative to synthetic<br/>antibacterial agents used in commercial soaps.
856 ## - ELECTRONIC LOCATION AND ACCESS
Uniform Resource Identifier https://repository.must.ac.ke/handle/123456789/1589
942 ## - ADDED ENTRY ELEMENTS (KOHA)
Source of classification or shelving scheme Library of Congress Classification
Koha item type Periodicals
Cataloguer Mercy Musungu
Holdings
Withdrawn status Lost status Source of classification or shelving scheme Damaged status Not for loan Home library Current library Shelving location Date acquired Source of acquisition Cost, normal purchase price Cataloger Total Checkouts Full call number Barcode Date last seen Price effective from Koha item type
    Library of Congress Classification     Meru University Meru University Periodical Section 08/06/2026 Meru University of science and Technology (MUST) 0.00 Mercy Musungu   TP991.O3 2025 26-39323 08/06/2026 08/06/2026 Thesis

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